Some epoxy resins will take up water and swell a little, others will weaken after prolonged immersion in water. To be fair this is a very limited subset of all the commercially available epoxy resin/hardener systems, but "marine epoxies" don't have those problems
The other factor that is often used as a justification for "marine epoxy" is that it will set in a reasonable time without the need for temperature. I know several epoxy systems that are great for water use, but take weeks to cure at 20 deg C, and really need to be cured at 80 deg C
HTH